Determining the optimum barrel-temperature profile is one of the most important tasks in extrusion. A barrel-temperature profile (BTP) that works well on one extruder may not work on the same type of extruder, even if the extruders process the same plastic, use the same screw and die design and run at the same rpm. So in a plant with many extruders, trying to run them all at the same BTP is likely to result in below-optimum performance for some extruders. All extruders have different requirements of barrel temperatures, and there are many possible reasons for not achieving good performance.
To achieve optimum output on extruder, barrel temperatures should be properly selected. One is the depth of temperature sensors in the barrel. If one extruder uses shallow-well thermocouples and another uses deep-well thermocouples, this will result in different temperatures on the inside wall of the barrel, where it really counts. It also gets affected by die head pressure, screw and barrel wear, ambient conditions (air temperature and humidity) and polymer inlet temperature and moisture level.
To find the correct temperatures it requires observing how the process reacts when changes occur. Some changes are intentional and obvious, such as a change in screw speed or barrel set point. For instance, the temperature that works well at 50 rpm screw speed may not work well at 120 rpm. When a new screw is installed in an extruder, particularly a screw with different flight geometry, some adjustments in the barrel temperatures are inevitable.
Some process changes are unintentional and not necessarily obvious�for instance, when the extruder performance changes as a result of screw wear or buildup of contamination on the screen pack.
Start with these general temperature guidelines for the three major sections of the extruder�feed, transition, and metering. In the feed section, set barrel temperature to maximize motor load and minimize pressure variation at the die. In the transition section, set barrel temperature to minimize melt-temperature variation at the die. In the metering section, set barrel temperature to the manufacturer's suggested melt temperature for the polymer. Generally discharge melt temperature can be significantly higher than barrel temperatures in the metering section.
For a non-vented, single-stage extruder, the feed section consists of temperature zone 1 and sometimes part of zone 2. The metering section usually consists of the last two temperature zones. Temperature zones in between make up the transition section. Short extruders (24:1 to 26:1 L/D) usually have 3 or 4 zones in all. Longer extruders (30-32:1 L/D) typically have 5-6 zones, while long extruders (34:1 L/D and longer) may have 6-10 zones.
Typical processing temperatures for semi-crystalline plastics are generally about 50-75° C above the melting point of the material. HDPE with a melting point of 130°C is typically processed at 180-205° C or higher. If the polymer is susceptible to degradation, it may be processed closer to its melting point. Amorphous plastics are usually processed about 100° C above their glass-transition temperature (Tg). For instance, PS with a Tg around 100° C is typically processed at around 200° C.
If standard or typical barrel-temperature profiles do not result in acceptable performance, the temperature settings will have to be optimized. The only technically correct way to find the best barrel temperatures is to perform a Design of Experiments (DOE) procedure incorporating all barrel-temperature zones. Ideally, this should be done with a full-factorial DOE because the various barrel-temperature zones can have interaction effects. A full-factorial DOE is reasonable when there are only three or four barrel zones. When a two-level factorial design is performed with four factors or barrel-temperature zones, this will require 16 (24) experiments. If each experiment takes 30 min, this will take a total of 8 hr�a full shift.
When there are five or more zones, a full-factorial DOE is too time-consuming and expensive to be practical in most situations, especially with a large extruder. For instance, a two-level factorial design with six factors or zones requires 64 experiments (26), each taking 30 min, for a total of 32 hr.
One-at-a-Time Experiments (OTE) method is the most commonly used way to optimize barrel temperatures. It usually uses small (5° C) temperature changes. But this method is also slow and expensive. Each time a temperature change is made, you have to wait until the barrel zone reaches set point and the extruder stabilizes. Reaching set point can take about 5-10 minutes on a small (20-40 mm) extruder or 30-60 minutes on a large extruder (over 100 mm dia). It can take another 5-10 minutes for a small extruder to stabilize, or 30-60 minutes for a large extruder. So making 5 or 6 changes can take an entire day or longer for a large extruder. The OTE method also cannot uncover interaction effects.
A third method of optimizing BPT is Dynamic Optimization, which involve making large temperature changes (20-40°C or more) and tracking the dynamic response of the extruder. This method is a fast & also a robust method of barrel-temperature optimization that works even for very large extruders operating in a production environment. This method has been used for many years, and proven effective in a wide variety of extrusion operations, though it still isn't widely enough known. When the set point of a barrel-temperature zone is changed by large amounts, the temperature-control system may not achieve the set temperature. For instance, if the set point for zone 3 is changed from 220° C down to 160° C, actual barrel temperature may only go down to 184° C. If the cooling system is on full blast at this condition, the barrel temperature cannot be reduced further even if the set point is put much lower. The only way to achieve further temperature reduction would be to increase cooling capacity or to change process conditions like reducing screw speed.
As an example of Dynamic Optimization on a 100-mm extruder, suppose zone 1 barrel temperature is changed from 200° C down to 150° C. It may take the extruder 15 to 20 minutes to bring the actual barrel temperature down to 150° C. With Dynamic Optimization the actual barrel temperature is recorded every 15-30 seconds, or whatever time interval allows accurate determination of the extruder's behavior. (When a data-acquisition system is available, the data are recorded automatically with a sampling frequency high enough to record the transient behavior accurately.)
At each barrel-temperature recording, the corresponding melt-pressure variation is recorded. This allows construction of a graph of pressure variation versus barrel temperature. The lowest pressure variation is reached at between 160°C and 165°C. The pressure variation increases rapidly at temperatures below 155°C and less rapidly above 170°C. That means that zone 1 temperature should be set at 165°C to avoid the steep part of the curve between 150°C and 155°C.
It is possible that under steady-state conditions, the pressure variation is not the same as under transient conditions. If the steady-state pressure variation at 165°C is much higher than the transient pressure variation, it may be necessary to do a few OTE runs around 165°C. In most cases, however, this won't be necessary, and the extruder will run well at the set point determined by Dynamic Optimization. Zone 1 barrel temperature in many cases has the strongest effect on extrusion process stability. So it is often not necessary to do further experiments with the barrel temperatures. In a 100-mm extruder, therefore, it may be possible to determine the optimum BTP in less than an hour.
(Based on article by Chris Rauwendaal)